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The Norwegian language conflict (''målstriden'', ''språkstriden'' or ''sprogstriden'') is an ongoing controversy within Norwegian culture and politics related to spoken and written versions of the Norwegian language. From the 16th to the 19th centuries, Danish was the standard written language of Norway due to Danish rule. As a result, the development of modern written Norwegian has been subject to controversy related to nationalism, rural versus urban, Norway's literary history, dialect versus standard language, spelling reform, and orthography. In the United Kingdoms of Denmark and Norway (1536–1814), the official language was Danish. The urban Norwegian upper class spoke Dano-Norwegian, a form of Danish with Norwegian pronunciation and other minor local differences. After the two countries separated in 1814, Dano-Norwegian remained the official language of Norway and evolved gradually to incorporate Norwegian forms. In the early 20th century, a more activist approach to written Norwegian was adopted in public policy, leading to reforms to reflect Norwegian urban and rural vernacular. Initially, the Norwegian successor to Dano-Norwegian was known as riksmål, but since 1929, this official written standard has been known as Bokmål. Later attempts to bring it closer to and eventually merge it with the other Norwegian written standard, Nynorsk, constructed on the basis of Norwegian dialects, have failed due to widespread resistance. The Norwegian language is a North Germanic language spoken primarily in Norway, where it is an official language. As established by law and governmental policy, there are two official forms of written Norwegian—''Bokmål'' (literally "book language") and ''Nynorsk'' (literally "new Norwegian"). There is no officially sanctioned spoken standard of Norwegian, but according to some, there is a de facto spoken standard of Bokmål which they call ''Standard Østnorsk'' (Standard East Norwegian). Historically, Bokmål is a Norwegianized variety of Danish, while Nynorsk is a language form based on Norwegian dialects and puristic opposition to Danish. The now abandoned official policy to merge Bokmål and Nynorsk into one common language called Samnorsk through a series of spelling reforms has created a wide spectrum of varieties of both Bokmål and Nynorsk. The unofficial form known as ''Riksmål'' is considered more conservative than Bokmål, and the unofficial ''Høgnorsk'' is not affected by the Samnorsk policy, unlike Nynorsk. Norwegians are educated in both their own language form (''hovedmål''/''hovudmål'') and their secondary language form (''sidemål''); with the primary focus being on their own language form. Danish and Norwegian Bokmål are very similar languages. Most speakers of the three Scandinavian languages (Danish, Norwegian and Swedish) can read each other's languages without great difficulty. The primary obstacles to mutual comprehension are differences in pronunciation. Spoken dialects vary throughout Scandinavia, but are broadly mutually intelligible throughout all three countries, including across national borders. ==Sample== ; Danish text: I 1877 forlod Brandes København og bosatte sig i Berlin. Hans politiske synspunkter gjorde dog, at Preussen blev ubehagelig for ham at opholde sig i, og han vendte i 1883 tilbage til København, hvor han blev mødt af en helt ny gruppe af forfattere og tænkere, der var ivrige efter at modtage ham som deres leder. Det vigtigste af hans senere arbejder har været hans værk om William Shakespeare, der blev oversat til engelsk af William Archer og med det samme blev anerkendt. ; Norwegian (Bokmål): I 1877 forlot Brandes København og bosatte seg i Berlin. Hans politiske synspunkter gjorde imidlertid at det ble ubehagelig for ham å oppholde seg i Preussen, og i 1883 vendte han tilbake til København, der han ble møtt av en helt ny gruppe forfattere og tenkere, som var ivrige etter å motta ham som sin leder. Det viktigste av hans senere arbeider er hans verk om William Shakespeare, som ble oversatt til engelsk av William Archer, og som straks ble anerkjent. ; Norwegian (Nynorsk): I 1877 forlét Brandes København og busette seg i Berlin. Dei politiske synspunkta hans gjorde det utriveleg for han å opphalda seg i Preussen, og han vende attende til København i 1883. Der vart han møtt av ei heilt ny gruppe forfattarar og tenkjarar, som var ivrige etter å ha han som leiar. Det viktigaste av dei seinare arbeida hans er verket hans om William Shakespeare, som vart omsett til engelsk av William Archer, og som straks vart anerkjend. ;English translation: In 1877 Brandes left Copenhagen and took up residence in Berlin. However, his political views made Prussia an uncomfortable place in which to live, and in 1883 he returned to Copenhagen. There he was met by a completely new group of writers and thinkers, who were eager to accept him as their leader. The most important of Brandes' later works is his writing on Shakespeare, which was translated to English by William Archer and received recognition immediately. # Excerpts from the articles about Danish critic Georg Brandes from the (Danish Wikipedia, version from May 19, 2006, 09:36 ) and (Norwegian (bokmål) Wikipedia, version from April 4, 2006, 01:38 ). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Norwegian language conflict」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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